Bagmati & Manohara

Bird watching begins right in kathmandu by the banks of the Bagmati and Manohara rivers.

Though unchecked pollution has reduced the number of visitors, especially cranes, many species still occur. Birds sighted along these rivers are the Egrets, Herons, kingfishers, Ibisbill, Wood Sandpipers and Plovers to name a few. The Chobar gorge and Tanda are recommended sites along these rivers. Away from human distrubances many birds are seen here.

Nagarjun

The other recommented site is Nagarjun (2105 m) which lies north west of kathmandu. It is only a ten minute drive from Thamel and lies just above Balaju. One can walk from Balaju and to reach the top on foot, take the road that goes right just after the entrance. The one going left is long and winding and better for a drive. Pheasants, Magpies, Sunbirds, Ruby- throats are some of the birds found here. However, it is not as good as phulchowki.

The Shivapuri

The Shivapuri Wildlife Reserve is another destination for the birs-watcher. It lies 12km north of kathmandu and can be reached either from Sundarijal or Budhanilkantha. Both are easily reached by taxi or mini-bus. Mini buses leave for Budhanilkhantha from Jamal(Rani-Pokhari). Some of the birds sighted here are the Laughing Thrush, Crested Serpent Eagle, Little Pied Flycatchers, Ruby throats, Babblers, etc.

Phulchowki

An ideal location to start around the valley is phulchowki which is teeming with a wide variety of birds. Phulchowki at 2760m lies 20 kms south east of kathmandu. At the foot of the approach to this mountain lies the Botanical gardens of Godavari. Godavari is only a half hour drive from kathmandu and one can go by taxi. Mini buses and vans are also available and leave for Godavari from Lagankhel bus park.

Jagadishpur Reservoir

The 225 hectares Reservoir in Kapilvastu was also designated in 2003 in the list. This reservoir was constucted in the early 1970s over the Jakhira Lake and agricultural lands for irrigation purposes. The water is fed from the Banganga Lake in the Churia hills. The reservoir is surrounded by cultivated land and a few smaller lakes serving as a buffer zone for bird movements.

The site provides shelter for an assemblage of some rare, endangered species of conservation importance species, which include plants such as endangered Serpentine (Rauvolfia serpentine), rare pondweed (Potamogeton lucens), threatened Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), and endangared and the tallest flying bird species Indain Sarus Crane (Grus antigone ).

Beeshazar and Associated Lakes

Listed as a Ramsar site in 2003 this lake is situated in Chitwan and covers 3,200 hectare area. Beeshazar and Associated Lakes lie in Bharatpur and Ratnagar Municipalities,15km south of Narayangadh town. It falls inside the buffer zone of Royal Chitwan National Park, a world heritage site. It is situated between the Mahabharat mountain range to the north and the Siwalik range to the south . It is a forested wetland.

It provides excellent habitat as a water hole and corridor for endangered White-rumped Vulture, endangered tiger, one-horned rhinoceros and Gharial, vulnerable Smooth-coated Otter, Sloth Bear, Marsh Crocodile, Lesser Adjutant Stork, Ferrufinous Duck and Band-tailed Fish Eagle.

Gokyo and Associated Lakes

Gokyo is an oligotrophic lake series covering 42.69 hectares in the Everest region. Partially fed by Ngozumpa glacier, it lies on the head of the Dudh Koshi River which descends from world's 7th higest mountain - Cho Oyo creating a unique and representative wetland in the world's highest freshwater lake system. There are 6 main lakes in Gokyo series, out of which Thonak Lake is the largest lake at 4834m followed by Gokyo. Dudh koshi is a sub-basin of Koshi River in Nepal, which feeds the Ganges river basin, safeguarding the livelihood of millions of people downstream. It was enlisted in the Ramsar list in 2007.

The alpine pasture meadow and sloping mountain terrain support a number of IUCN Redlisted are and vulnerable species, such as the kutki plant(Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolai), the Himalayan thar or goat, the Snow Leopard, Wood snipe, endemic species like the flowering plant Kobresia fissiglumis, and many important birds like Aythya nyroca and Grus vigor. The3 system is a vital source of water for downstream communities. The site is two days' walk from Namche, the nearest town.

Ghodaghodi Lake Area

Listed in 2003 as Ramsar site, Ghodaghodi Lake Area of Kailali District engulfs 2,563 hectares of area. There are around 13 associated lakes and ponds, and some streams separated by hillocks situated on the site's periphery.
It is surrounded by tropical deciduous forest on the lower slpoes of Siwalik. They support critically endangered Tiger, Three-striped Roof Turtle, vulnerable Smooth-coated Otter, Common Otter, Swamp deer, Lesser Adjutant Stork and Marsh Crocodile, endangered Orchid, religiously important and threatened Lotus, and rare wild rice.

The lake is animportant religious place with a shrine dedicated to Ghodaghodi deity where indigenous Tharu people celebrate Agan Panchami, in December and take a holy bath in the lake. Due to dense population within the site it is intensively used for traditional fishing and agriculture. They support six threatened bird species. They included Critical: White-rumped vulture and Slender-billed vulture; Vulnerable: Lesser adjudant and Indian-spotted eagle and Near-threatened: Oriental darter and Ferrufinous pochard. The resident population of Nettapus coromandelianus makes up nearly one percent of the total Asian population.

Koshi Tappu Wetland

The first declared Ramsar site of Nepal in 1987. It spreads over 17500 hecaters. It lies within the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve. It is a section of the Sapta Koshi River and Its floodplain.

It offers an important habitat for a large variety of wildlife. The threatened crocodile Gavialis gangeticus, birds Eupodotis bengalensis and Pelecanus philippensis, and leopard Panthera pardus occur in the site. Koshi Tappu forms an ideal habitat for resident as well as migratory waterbirds and substantial numbers of waders.

Ramsar Sites of Nepal

The Ramsar Convention(The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat) is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands. It is named after the town of Ramsar in Iran. The convention was developed at a meeting in Ramsar on February2, 1971 and came into force on December 21, 1975. Its headquaters is located in Gland, Switzerland shared with the IUCN.

The Ramsar sites of International Importance now includes 1,847 sites. The nation with the highest number of sites is the United Kingdom at 166; the nation with the greatest area of listed wetlands is Canada, with over 130,000 km2, including the queen Maud Gulf site at 62,800km2.

Home StayFor Traditional Nepalese Cultural Experience

Although hotels And guest houses are available in Panauti, visitors aaaaaare encouraged to take adventage of home staay programs and live in local people's homes . Meals are also provied. A home stay programs is offered by the Panauti Tourism Development Communittee to enrich your culture experience. Such programs helps to rise much needed revenue for low-income households of these areas to not only support their families but also to keep age-old handicraft businesses runing. Many local households have been given suitable training to improve the quality standards requerd to host guests. Visitors wishing to avail of these home stay programs are reqested to contact members of Panauti Parners.

Places To Visit Around Panauti

Triveni Ghat: Onceof the holiest sites for Hindus, the month long Makar Mela is held here once every 12years. There are more than tow dozen temples at the site.

Indreshowr Sqaure: It has many ancient temples. the three Indreshowr Mahadev Temple is an excellent exmple of Newari craftmanship. Unmata Bhairav Temple, Krishna Temple and Ahilya Temple aaare located in the coutryard as well. On the northeastern side, across the Punyamati Rivers, is the 17th century Brahmayani temple while the Krishna Narayan Temple ia near the confluence of the rivers. Other temples are scattered around the square making the whole place akun to an open museum.

Gorkhnath Hill(15 min walk): Gorkhnath Hill (2000ft) is a 15 min walk uphill to the north east of the fron where one can get a wonderful viweof the town the Himalayan peaks and the mountain of the Mahabharat range.

Interesting Facts About Panauti

1. A traditional Newari confection called 'Ya mari' made from a mixture of treacle and sesame seed wrapped in the shape of a Stupa with rich dough originated here.

2. It is the birth place of Mahasatwo a prince who sacrificed his body to feed a starving tigress and her cubs when he went to Namobuddha jungle.

3. The town is believed to be located on a single rock which has been taken as the reason for the town not being too sevsrsly affected by earthquakes in the past.

4. All of old Panauti has been propoed to be listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site.

Major Ethnic Groups in Panauti

Newar: The oldest ethnic group of Nepal, they have their own language and script. Trade and farming are their main occupations and they are renowned for their artistic and architectural abilities.
Brahmin and Chhetri: Hindus with sharp indo-Aryan features and olive complexion, they are mainly farmers. brahmins may act as family priests and officiate at shrines and temples and at rituals.

Major Festivals

Jay Punhi: The Panauti Jatra (Jya Punhi in Newari) is held at the end of the monson season. Images of the goods from the taken around the city on chariots. The last day of the festivals falls on the full moon day during which, the chariots of the goods are made to strike each other.

Makar Mela: Besides the Roshi and Punyamati Rivers, it is believed that there is also a third river, the Lilawati, visible only to the wise and said to flow into the others from the Gorkhnath Shine. A month-Long fair known as Makar Mela is held once every 12 years at their confluence.

Yomari Punhi: Annapurna, the goddess of grains, is worshipped on this full moon day after the rich harvest. According to legend, a couple first experimented with a fressh yield of rich from their field to make a new delicacy. It was named Yomari, Literally meaning 'tasty bread' in Newari.

A Historical Journey

According to legend, Panauti was founded in 1082B.c. During the Malla period Panauti was a protectorate of King Anantha Malla(1274-1307BC). Later, King Bhupitendra Malla, the king of Bhaktapur, ios said to have given Panauti as a dowry to his sister. A golden scriture dated 1385BC with in the Indreshowr Temple, states that king Hari Shing dev(of the erstwhile Mithila kingdom) founded the town after fleeing from Simrangadh in the Terai. Durring the reign of Ranjit Malla, the last king of Bhaktapur, Panauti came under the rule of 'Bhadgaun'(today Bhaktapur). In 1763,Panauti was annexed to greather Nepal as a result of king Prithvi Narayan Shah's unification drive.

A Prime Cultural Destination

Six villages, Panauti,malpi,Taukhal, Subbagunn, Sunthan and Khopasi Panauti, were merged in 1997 to from Panauti Municipality.Occupying an area of 33.78sq km, it has a population of around 30000 peoples speaking three different dialects. The majority are from the Newar community and the town is rich in Newari culture and festivals, many of them similar to those praticed in the Kathmandu Valley, and some unique to the town itself. Panauti,Thus,may be considered to be one of the best destination for cultural tourism in Nepal.Panauti also offers a spectacular Himalayan Panorama when viewed from Gorakhnath Hill (2000ft)a 15minute walk uphill to the north east of the town.One gets a wonderful overall view of the fish shaped town which from east to west, is less than a kilometer in length at the widest part.The two rivers/ Roshi and Punyamati, flow from west to east and convrge at the eastern end of the town, where the famous triveni ghat (cemetery) is situated.

Tourism area(Discover-panauti)

A town steeped in culture and tradition

Situated about 32km south east of kathmandu, at the junction of the sacred confluence of the Roshi and Punyamati Rivers and believerd to be located on one single rock, this historical Newar town is one of the oldest in the kathmandu Valley. Dotted with pagodas and other religious shrines, most of the monument, temples and community shelters (satals) are made of terre-cotta.Carved wooden columns, elaborate carving, gilded roofs and wide courtyards of the temples impart an eastern mysticism. Once described as a town having more temples than houses and more deities than inhabitants , this medieval town can proudly claim to be the 4th most important site in Nepal after Kathmandu, Patan and Bhaktapur with regard to the number and diversity of religious monuments, culture and rituals. Panauti is one of three municipalities in the Keverepalanchok district in the center region of Nepal, the other two being Banepa and Dhulikhel.

Tourism Industry

Tourism Industry is uonsideved as a service industry as this industry doesnot produce any goods but provides services to the guest. It is beiveued that 20% of the antire population are directly or indirect. Emloyed in this industry. It is the service industry however the service provied by this industry cann't be seen. Those can only be felt or esoperineed. So this industry is also known as invisible trade. These services are old either to the group or individuals. Many organisation and industry are providing different services to the guest. Airlines, hotels, industry, treking agency, travel agency etc.....

Tourist

A tourist is a temporary leisured person who visit a place away from his home and working place for leisure business or for the purpose of experinarg a change. Tourist is a person who travels from one pleace to another different from his living and working place for leisure or business and stays at least for 24hrs in the visited destination. The or food dictonary definess tourist as a person traveling or visiting a place for lecuation.

Food & beverage service department

The department which is responsible for the service of F &B to the guest according to his/her taste and choice in known as food and beverage service department. This department includes verious outlets like resturant, bar, caffe shop, room service etc... Breakfast, lunch, dinner &supper all types of meal are served in these outlets according to their nature. The department headed by a food & beverage manager varies types of means and meal according to his and budget.

Meaning of Hotel

An establishment which provide food, shelter and security for a guest on account of paying some money. A hotel is a place where a benefit traveller can get food shelter and security provided heis in a fit condition to receive it and pay for it. Small hotels provided minimum services to the guest according to their standard. But large hotels provide a number of facilities like restaurants, bar, summing pool 24 hours, telephone service 24 hours, laundry service, mini bar in each room 24 hours hot and cold water, baby seller, health culb, business center, disco,beauty parlour, shopping center, standard rooms with attach bath etc.

Evolution of Catering Established

Catering is derived from word "Cater" which means to serve catering industry which is sametime refered as a hospitality industry started from Inn keeping which was known to the word as early as 1200 B.C. But the proper Inn keeping was not possible before the invention and use of monetary system around 600 B.C. During the period of great Roman empires Inn keeping was encouraged and a large number of Inns were built at different ofIinns were built as different places on the high ways. This was done for the benefit of travels and civilians.

Importance of tourism

1. It generation the highiest employment apportunities in the world.
2. Exchange of different culture, ides and knowledge takes place.
3. Forces in development at in forstructures
4. Helps in earning foregin currency.
5. It increases the national income of the country.
6. It helps in maintaing enviormental awarness and its protactions.
7. It helps in the advertisment of different culture plance and society in foreign countries.

Evolution of tourism

People started travelling whenever they enterreclimto the word. thy stared travelling from the vrey beginning and gathering stage (10000 years ago). their made of travlling was conecting foods and capturing animals. when the first olympic game washad in greece 776B.C people started travel to greece form the arious places to watch the olympic games. Science it is thought to be the milestone in the hisotory of tourism in mediciual.

Managment

Management in all business and human organization activity is simply the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives. Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources.
Management can also refer to the person or people who perform the act(s) of management.
Organization and coordination of the activities of an enterprise in accordance with certain policies and in achievement of clearly defined objectives. Management is often included as a factor of production along with machines, materials, and money. According to the management guru Peter Drucker (1909–2005), the basic task of a management is twofold: marketing and innovation.
Directors and managers who have the power and responsibility to make decisions to manage an enterprise. As a discipline, management comprises the interlocking functions of formulating corporate policy and organizing, planning, controlling, and directing the firm's resources to achieve the policy's objectives. The size of management can range from one person in a small firm to hundreds or thousands of managers in multinational companies. In large firms the board of directors formulates the policy which is implemented by the chief executive officer.
[edit] Theoretical scope
Mary Parker Follett (1868–1933), who wrote on the topic in the early twentieth century, defined management as "the art of getting things done through people". She also described management as philosophy.[2] One can also think of management functionally, as the action of measuring a quantity on a regular basis and of adjusting some initial plan; or as the actions taken to reach one's intended goal. This applies even in situations where planning does not take place. Some people, however, find this definition, while useful, far too narrow. The phrase "management is what managers do" occurs widely, suggesting the difficulty of defining management, the shifting nature of definitions, and the connection of managerial practices with the existence of a managerial cadre or class.
One habit of thought regards management as equivalent to "business administration" and thus excludes management in places outside commerce, as for example in charities and in the public sector. More realistically, however, every organization must manage its work, people, processes, technology, etc. in order to maximize its effectiveness. Nonetheless, many people refer to university departments which teach management as "business schools." Some institutions (such as the Harvard Business School) use that name while others (such as the Yale School of Management) employ the more inclusive term "management."
English speakers may also use the term "management" or "the management" as a collective word describing the managers of an organization, for example of a corporation. Historically this use of the term was often contrasted with the term "Labor" referring to those being managed.
[edit] Nature of managerial work
The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (December 2007)
In for-profit work, management has as its primary function the satisfaction of a range of stakeholders. This typically involves making a profit (for the shareholders), creating valued products at a reasonable cost (for customers), and providing rewarding employment opportunities (for employees). In nonprofit management, add the importance of keeping the faith of donors. In most models of management/governance, shareholders vote for the board of directors, and the board then hires senior management. Some organizations have experimented with other methods (such as employee-voting models) of selecting or reviewing managers; but this occurs only very rarely.
In the public sector of countries constituted as representative democracies, voters elect politicians to public office. Such politicians hire many managers and administrators, and in some countries like the United States political appointees lose their jobs on the election of a new president/governor/mayor.
[edit] Historical development
Difficulties arise in tracing the history of management. Some see it (by definition) as a late modern (in the sense of late modernity) conceptualization. On those terms it cannot have a pre-modern history, only harbingers (such as stewards). Others, however, detect management-like-thought back to Sumerian traders and to the builders of the pyramids of ancient Egypt. Slave-owners through the centuries faced the problems of exploiting/motivating a dependent but sometimes unenthusiastic or recalcitrant workforce, but many pre-industrial enterprises, given their small scale, did not feel compelled to face the issues of management systematically. However, innovations such as the spread of Arabic numerals (5th to 15th centuries) and the codification of double-entry book-keeping (1494) provided tools for management assessment, planning and control.
Given the scale of most commercial operations and the lack of mechanized record-keeping and recording before the industrial revolution, it made sense for most owners of enterprises in those times to carry out management functions by and for themselves. But with growing size and complexity of organizations, the split between owners (individuals, industrial dynasties or groups of shareholders) and day-to-day managers (independent specialists in planning and control) gradually became more common.

History of computing

The Jacquard loom, on display at the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchestr, England was one of the first programmable devices.
The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century onwards though, the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, describing a machine that carries out computations
The history of the modern computer begins with two separate technologies—automated calculation and programmability—but no single device can be identified as the earliest computer, partly because of the inconsistent application of that term. Examples of early mechanical calculating devices include the abacus the slide rule and arguably the astrolabe and the Antikythera mechanism(which dates from about 150–100 BC). Hero of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) built a mechanical theater which performed a play lasting 10 minutes and was operated by a complex system of ropes and drums that might be considered to be a means of deciding which parts of the mechanism performed which actions and when.This is the essence of programmability.
The "castle clock", an astronomical clockinvented by Al-Jazari in 1206, is considered to be the earliest programmableanalog compute.It displayed the zodiac the solarand lunar orbits a crescent-shaped pointertravelling across a gateway causing automatic doorsto open every hour and five roboticmusicians who played music when struck by lever operated by a camshaftattached to a water wheelThe length of dayand nigh could be re-programmed to compensate for the changing lengths of day and night throughout the year

Tourism

Tour is derived from latin word 'tomes' and greek word "tromus" which means a cride. The suffiy when added to tour becomes tourism which means travelling in a circles.

The suffiy when added to tour becomes tourist who perfome the action. The word tourism didn't appear in english untill 19th century. The word tourism has been derived from french word 'toursmic' which means travel releated jobs.

Tourism

Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for more than twenty-four hours and not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited".Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. In 2008, there were over 922 million international tourist arrivals, with a growth of 1.9% as compared to 2007. International tourism receipts grew to US$944 billion in 2008, corresponding to an increase in real terms of 1.8%.
As a result of the Late-2000s recession, international travel demand suffered a strong slowdown beginning in June 2008, with growth in international tourism arrivals worldwide falling to 2% during the boreal summer months and this negative trend intensified as international tourist arrivals fell by 8% during the first four months of 2009. Thereafter this declining trend was exacerbated in some regions due to the outbreak of the influenza AH1N1 virus.
Tourism is vital for many countries, such as the U.A.E, Egypt, Greece and Thailand, and many island nations, such as The Bahamas, Fiji, Maldives and the Seychelles, due to the large intake of money for businesses with their goods and services and the opportunity for employment in the service industries associated with tourism. These service industries include transportation services, such as airlines, cruise ships and taxis, hospitality services, such as accommodations, including hotels and resorts, and entertainment venues, such as amusement parks, casinos, shopping malls, various music venues and the theatre.